Excretory system
Echinoderms- Just like their respiratory system, they have a simple excretory system. Their Excretory system has no kidneys and use diffusion into rid their bodies of waste. Sea stars are usually preditors eating decomposing animal/ plant nutrient. some stars are passive filter feeders, obsorbing the particles in the passive water; sea cucumbers release feeders removing food particles from the sand and mud. Echinoderms defenses against predetors include thier skelatons, spines, tozins, and discharge of sticky in tangling threats from the sea cucumbers.
Arthropods-The excretory system arthropods have gets rid of waste, through thier anus. they have malpighian tubes and coxal glands that gets waste from its blood to put into its intestines. This process lets all waste exit out the anus. The reason this process takes place is because the lack of a kidney.
Annelids- Annelids have organs in their excretory system called metanephridia. This organ is like a funal its in the middle of the body cavity and collects all of its waste. This organ is connected to a ducte that carries waste to openings called nephrostones. After that the waste leaves the body by a pore called the nephridpore.
Mullusks- main excretory system organs of a slug are the nephridaia they make either emonia or urie acid as waste. the nephidrium has a special role in maintaing water balance. other organs are pericardial glands in its body cavity and digestive glands opening into the stomach.
Mammals- a mammals kidney is built of a large number of functional units called nephrons. Each one includes a distal tubule, a medial section termed 'the loop' of thenle, a proximal tubule and a renal corpuscle. It (renal corpuscle) is a knot of capillaries surrounded by a sheath. It is a pressure filter that relies on blood pressure to remove water, ions and small organic molecules found in blood. Most of what is removed is waste but some is beneficial to the organism. Other organs mammals have in their excretory system besides kidneys are liver, skin and sweat glands.
Amphibians- Amphibian kidneys filter waste out of blood.
Urine travels through tubes called ureters. From the ureters urine travels into the cloaca. Then urine is able to be passed outside the body or its urine can be stored for a little bit in a urinary bladder above the cloaca.
Reptiles- a pair of kidneys are irregular in shape, dark red, and flattened organs. They are placed in the posterior region of the abdominal cavity and attached to the dorsal wall by a fold of peritoneum. Kidneys are opposites. Both kidneys are united posteriorly forming a v shaped structure. Two ureters are narrow, slim, walled ducts extending behind from the kidney structure, where they open into the urodaeum. The pelvis is absent. In males, the ureters join at its posterior end with its corresponding vas defrens and both open by a common urine, genital aperature. Thin walled urinary bladder opens on the ventral side of the cloaca. Bladder communicates with urodaeum thrumph its ventral wall. Last urine is excreted into a almost solid state.
